Evaluation of fuel production technologies by using renewable energy for smart cities

Fuels that are environment-friendly resources play a vital role in the development of economies. Each fuel resource has intensive, however, inadequate specifications in terms of security, sustainability, capacity to compete with other sources. Although oil and gas resources lead the way of fuel production due to their low cost, alternative sources such as wind and solar renewable energy and nuclear energy have also gained popularity forcing the technological development of fuel production technologies. Hydrogen is a source for the production of energy by using any energy resource. In this chapter, we investigate the latest fuel production technologies providing energy outputs from renewable energy resources for their usage in smart cities. We study the role of renewable resources under the current dynamics of the global energy market situation as well as the effects of fuel production technologies to increase the efficiency and sustainability for the future of smart cities. This review includes a broad spectrum that spans from the technical energy resources literature with very comprehensive research by using SCOPUS database to nontechnical but renowned resources including journals and other publications including raw data as well as forecasts and opinions that respected experts have performed. Specifically, solar and wind production technologies, as well as future forecasts compared with the conventional fuel resources, are reviewed comprehensively. By that, we aim to shed a light on the current status of fuel production technologies in renewable energy resources and their usage in smart cities.