Factors influencing the compressive strength of fly ash based geopolymers

Several factors affecting the reactivity of fly ash (FA) as a precursor for geopolymer concrete have been investigated. These include physical and chemical properties of various FA sources, inclusion of ground granulated blast furnace slag (ggbs), chemical activator dosages and curing temperature. Alkali-activated FA was found to require elevated curing temperatures and high alkali concentrations. A mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate was used and this was shown to result in high strengths, as high as 70 MPa at 28 days. The presence of silicates in solution was found to be an important parameter affecting strength. Detailed physical and chemical characterisation was carried out on thirteen FA sources from the UK. The most important factor affecting the reactivity was found to be the particle size of FA. The loss on ignition (LOI) and the amorphous content are also important parameters that need to be considered for the selection of FA for use in geopolymer concrete. The partial replacement of FA with ggbs was found to be beneficial in not only avoiding the need for elevated curing temperatures but also in improving compressive strengths. Microstructural characterisation with scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was performed on FA/ggbs pastes. The reaction product of FA and ggbs in these binary systems was calcium aluminium silicate hydrate gel (C-A-S-H) with inclusion of Na in the structure.