@article{34b8541188884781a80771a5e3fec04e,
title = "GW190425: Pan-STARRS and ATLAS coverage of the skymap and limits on optical emission associated with FRB 20190425A",
abstract = "GW190425 is the second of two binary neutron star (BNS) merger events to be significantly detected by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave (GW) Observatory (LIGO), Virgo and the Kamioka Gravitational Wave (KAGRA) detector network. With a detection only in LIGO Livingston, the skymap containing the source was large and no plausible electromagnetic counterpart was found in real-time searching in 2019. Here, we summarize Asteroid Terrestrial-Impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) and Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS) wide-field optical coverage of the skymap beginning within 1 and 3 h, respectively, of the GW190425 merger time. More recently, a potential coincidence between GW190425 and a fast radio burst FRB 20190425A has been suggested, given their spatial and temporal coincidences. The smaller sky localization area of FRB 20190425A and its dispersion measure led to the identification of a likely host galaxy, UGC 10667 at a distance of 141 ± 10 Mpc. Our optical imaging covered the galaxy 6.0 h after GW190425 was detected and 3.5 h after the FRB 20190425A. No optical emission was detected and further imaging at +1.2 and +13.2 d also revealed no emission. If the FRB 20190425A and GW190425 association were real, we highlight our limits on kilonova emission from a BNS merger in UGC 10667. The model for producing FRB 20190425A from a BNS merger involves a supramassive magnetized neutron star spinning down by dipole emission on the time-scale of hours. We show that magnetar-enhanced kilonova emission is ruled out by optical upper limits. The lack of detected optical emission from a kilonova in UGC 10667 disfavours, but does not disprove, the FRB–GW link for this source.",
keywords = "gravitational waves, surveys, transients: fast radio bursts, transients: neutron star mergers, UKRI, STFC, ST/N002512/1, ST/N002520/1, ST/X006506/1, ST/T000198/1, ST/S006109/1, ST/X001253/1, ST/Y000692/1",
author = "Smartt, {S. J.} and M. Nicholl and S. Srivastav and Huber, {M. E.} and Chambers, {K. C.} and Smith, {K. W.} and Young, {D. R.} and Fulton, {M. D.} and Tonry, {J. L.} and Stubbs, {C. W.} and L. Denneau and Cooper, {A. J.} and A. Aamer and Anderson, {J. P.} and A. Andersson and J. Bulger and Chen, {T. W.} and P. Clark and Boer, {T. de} and H. Gao and Gillanders, {J. H.} and A. Lawrence and Lin, {C. C.} and Lowe, {T. B.} and Magnier, {E. A.} and P. Minguez and T. Moore and A. Rest and L. Shingles and R. Siverd and Smith, {I. A.} and B. Stalder and Stevance, {H. F.} and R. Wainscoat and R. Williams",
note = "Funding Information: SJS, SS, LS, KWS, and DRY acknowledge UKRI STFC grants ST/X006506/1, ST/T000198/1, ST/S006109/1, and ST/X001253/1. MN, AA and SS and were supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union{\textquoteright}s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant Agreement No. 948381). MN also acknowledges UK Space Agency Grant No. ST/Y000692/1. T-WC acknowledges the Yushan Young Fellow Program by the Ministry of Education, Taiwan for the financial support. LS acknowledges support by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union{\textquoteright}s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ERC Advanced Grant KILONOVA No. 885281) and support by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – Project ID 279384907 – SFB 1245 and MA 4248/3-1. This work was funded by ANID, Millennium Science Initiative, ICN12_009. CWS is grateful for support from Harvard University. This research has made use of the NED, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. For the purpose of open access, a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence will apply to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising. Funding Information: ATLAS is primarily funded to search for near-Earth asteroids through NASA grants NN12AR55G, 80NSSC18K0284, and 80NSSC18K1575; by-products of the NEO search include images and catalogues from the survey area. The ATLAS science products have been made possible through the contributions of the University of Hawai{\textquoteright}i Institute for Astronomy, the Queen{\textquoteright}s University Belfast, the Space Telescope Science Institute, and the South African Astronomical Observatory. Funding Information: Lasair is supported by the UKRI Science and Technology Facilities Council and is a collaboration between the University of Edinburgh (grant ST/N002512/1) and Queen{\textquoteright}s University Belfast (grant ST/N002520/1) within the LSST:UK Science Consortium. ZTF is supported by National Science Foundation grant AST-1440341 and a collaboration including Caltech, IPAC, the Weizmann Institute for Science, the Oskar Klein Center at Stockholm University, the University of Maryland, the University of Washington, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron and Humboldt University, Los Alamos National Laboratories, the TANGO Consortium of Taiwan, the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories. Operations are conducted by COO, IPAC, and UW. This research has made use of {\textquoteleft}Aladin sky atlas{\textquoteright} developed at CDS, Strasbourg Observatory, France. Funding Information: Pan-STARRS is primarily funded to search for near-Earth asteroids through NASA grants NNX08AR22G and NNX14AM74G. The Pan-STARRS science products for LIGO–Virgo follow-up were made possible through the contributions of the University of Hawai{\textquoteright}i Institute for Astronomy and the Queen{\textquoteright}s University Belfast. The Pan-STARRS1 sky surveys have been made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawai{\textquoteright}i, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, the Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, the Queen{\textquoteright}s University Belfast, the Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation Grant No. AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), and the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2024 Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.",
year = "2024",
month = feb,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1093/mnras/stae100",
language = "English",
volume = "528",
pages = "2299--2307",
journal = "Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society",
issn = "0035-8711",
publisher = "Oxford University Press",
number = "2",
}