Interpreting palaeofire evidence from fluvial sediments: a case study from Santa Rosa Island, California with implications for the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis

Fluvial sequences from the late Pleistocene to the Holocene are exposed in Arlington Canyon, Santa Rosa Island, Northern Channel Islands, California, USA, including one outcrop that features centrally in the controversial hypothesis of an extra-terrestrial impact at the onset of the Younger Dryas. The fluvial sequence in Arlington Canyon contains a significant quantity and range of organic material, much of which has been charred. The purpose of this study was to systematically describe the key outcrop of the Arlington sequence, provide new radiocarbon age control and analyse organic material in the Arlington sediments within a rigorous palaeobotanical and palaeo-charcoal context. In contrast to some previous studies, we find no evidence in Arlington Canyon for an extra-terrestrial impact or catastrophic impact-induced fire. Carbonaceous spherular materials were identified as predominantly fungal sclerotia; ‘carbon elongates’ are predominantly arthropod coprolites, including termite frass. Glassy carbon formed from the precipitation of tars during charcoalification. Material previously identified as nanodiamond is more consistent with polycrystalline aggregates of graphene and graphane. None of these materials indicate high-temperatures formation or combustion. 40 Charcoal and other materials in Arlington Canyon document widespread and frequent fires both before and after the onset of the Younger Dryas, recording predominantly low-temperature surface fires.