Mangrove management for sustainable development in Nigeria: Policy challenges and future direction

Mangrove ecosystems are increasingly threatened due to a combination of anthropogenic and natural pressures. These pressures, including oil pollution, unsustainable harvesting, deforestation, and urbanization, are exacerbated by environmental challenges such as invasive species and climate change. Despite the global ecological relevance and socioeconomic importance at scale, mangrove ecosystems remain inadequately protected by existing policies in Nigeria. This study assesses the policy gaps in the management of mangroves in Nigeria, highlighting the shortcomings in enforcement, community engagement, and integrated management approaches. Key findings reveal that oil spills have severely degraded the mangrove ecosystems, leading to biodiversity loss, reduced fishery productivity, and jeopardised carbon sequestration capabilities. Deforestation driven by unsustainable logging, land conversion, and aquaculture further exacerbates habitat loss, while pollution from land-based agricultural runoff and plastic debris undermines mangrove health. Existing policy frameworks, such as the Nigeria’s Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act and National Forestry Policy, lack specificity in addressing mangrove conservation challenges and suffer weak enforcement. Limited community involvement and insufficient research hinder the implementation of sustainable management strategies, while existing policies are adhoc. The study highlights the need for integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) frameworks, enhanced enforcement mechanisms, and the incorporation of mangrove-specific targets within existing policies such as the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Strengthening multi-stakeholder collaboration and leveraging international commitments are essential for bridging policy and implementation gaps. This comprehensive approach can ensure the sustainable management and restoration of degraded mangroves, safeguarding their ecological integrity and the livelihoods of dependent communities.