Modelling complexity: analysing between-individual and between-place variation - a multilevel tutorial

N. Bullen, K. Jones, C. Duncan

    Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

    Abstract

    Geography is centrally concerned with difference and heterogeneity, yet much quantitative modelling has been concerned with finding average or general relationships thereby relegating variability to a single catchall 'error' term. Multilevel modelling, in contrast, anticipates complex between-individual and between-place heterogeneity. Previous accounts of the approach have stressed the modelling of higher level, between-place differences, but here the emphasis is placed on the simultaneous consideration of complex variation at all levels. A parade of models is presented each of which considers a particular facet of the model specification. Attention is drawn to the important contrasts between the modelling of categorical and continuous predictors. Illustrative results are provided for variations in British house prices, modelled with the MLn software. An appendix provides an example of the use of this software.
    Original languageEnglish
    Pages (from-to)585-609
    Number of pages25
    JournalEnvironment and Planning A
    Volume29
    Issue number4
    Publication statusPublished - 1997

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