Offshore wind and energy transition: lessons learned, progress, and trends

The climate crisis, driven by greenhouse gas emissions, necessitates a transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy. Offshore wind, with a global potential of 71,000 GW, eight times surpasses the current global installed electricity grid electricity. This potential provides a pathway toward the decarbonization of global energy systems. Additionally, its capacity is essential for producing green hydrogen, which plays a pivotal role in decarbonizing key sectors such as metallurgy, fertilizers, and maritime and air transportation. Mature offshore wind markets provide valuable learned lessons for emerging markets. This study identifies and systematizes those lessons learned, progress, and trends in offshore wind to enable a more inclusive energy transition. The findings offer recommendations for new markets, addressing regulation, infrastructure, technological innovation, and value chain optimization. Emphasis is placed on inclusive development through socioeconomic and environmental impact management, stakeholder engagement, and policy frameworks that promote local content and sustainable development.