Prevention and treatment of nonfreezing cold injuries and warm water immersion tissue injuries: supplement to Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Frostbite

Ken Zafren; Sarah Hollis; Eric A. Weiss; Daniel Danzl; Jessie Wilburn; Nadia Kimmel; Chris Imray; Gordon Giesbrecht; Mike Tipton

doi:10.1016/j.wem.2023.02.006

Prevention and treatment of nonfreezing cold injuries and warm water immersion tissue injuries: supplement to Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Frostbite

Ken Zafren, Sarah Hollis, Eric A. Weiss, Daniel Danzl, Jessie Wilburn, Nadia Kimmel, Chris Imray, Gordon Giesbrecht, Mike Tipton

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

We convened an expert panel to develop evidence-based guidelines for the evaluation, treatment, and prevention of nonfreezing cold injuries (NFCIs; trench foot and immersion foot) and warm water immersion injuries (warm water immersion foot and tropical immersion foot) in prehospital and hospital settings. The panel graded the recommendations based on the quality of supporting evidence and the balance between benefits and risks/burdens according to the criteria published by the American College of Chest Physicians. Treatment is more difficult with NFCIs than with warm water immersion injuries. In contrast to warm water immersion injuries that usually resolve without sequelae, NFCIs may cause prolonged debilitating symptoms, including neuropathic pain and cold sensitivity.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	172-181
Journal	Wilderness and Environmental Medicine
Volume	32
Issue number	2
Early online date	30 Apr 2023
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2023.02.006
Publication status	Published - 1 Jun 2023

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10.1016/j.wem.2023.02.006

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Zafren, K., Hollis, S., Weiss, E. A., Danzl, D., Wilburn, J., Kimmel, N., Imray, C., Giesbrecht, G., & Tipton, M. (2023). Prevention and treatment of nonfreezing cold injuries and warm water immersion tissue injuries: supplement to Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Frostbite. Wilderness and Environmental Medicine, 32(2), 172-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2023.02.006

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title = "Prevention and treatment of nonfreezing cold injuries and warm water immersion tissue injuries: supplement to Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Frostbite",

abstract = "We convened an expert panel to develop evidence-based guidelines for the evaluation, treatment, and prevention of nonfreezing cold injuries (NFCIs; trench foot and immersion foot) and warm water immersion injuries (warm water immersion foot and tropical immersion foot) in prehospital and hospital settings. The panel graded the recommendations based on the quality of supporting evidence and the balance between benefits and risks/burdens according to the criteria published by the American College of Chest Physicians. Treatment is more difficult with NFCIs than with warm water immersion injuries. In contrast to warm water immersion injuries that usually resolve without sequelae, NFCIs may cause prolonged debilitating symptoms, including neuropathic pain and cold sensitivity.",

author = "Ken Zafren and Sarah Hollis and Weiss, {Eric A.} and Daniel Danzl and Jessie Wilburn and Nadia Kimmel and Chris Imray and Gordon Giesbrecht and Mike Tipton",

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Zafren, K, Hollis, S, Weiss, EA, Danzl, D, Wilburn, J, Kimmel, N, Imray, C, Giesbrecht, G & Tipton, M 2023, 'Prevention and treatment of nonfreezing cold injuries and warm water immersion tissue injuries: supplement to Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Frostbite', Wilderness and Environmental Medicine, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 172-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2023.02.006

Prevention and treatment of nonfreezing cold injuries and warm water immersion tissue injuries: supplement to Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Frostbite. / Zafren, Ken; Hollis, Sarah; Weiss, Eric A. et al.
In: Wilderness and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 32, No. 2, 01.06.2023, p. 172-181.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

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Zafren K, Hollis S, Weiss EA, Danzl D, Wilburn J, Kimmel N et al. Prevention and treatment of nonfreezing cold injuries and warm water immersion tissue injuries: supplement to Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Frostbite. Wilderness and Environmental Medicine. 2023 Jun 1;32(2):172-181. Epub 2023 Apr 30. doi: 10.1016/j.wem.2023.02.006