Abstract
Hexavalent chromium combines with glutathione in chloride intracellular channel carrier to form tetravalent and pentavalent chromium in plasma and organelle membranes. It also combines with NADH/NADPH to form pentavalent chromium in mitochondria. Tetravalent- and pentavalent- chromium (directly and indirectly) mediated DNA double strand breaks activate DNA damage signaling sensors: DNA-dependent-protein-kinase signals p53-dependent intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis, and ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated and ataxia-telangiectasia-Rad3-related signal cell-arrest for DNA repair. Tetravalent chromium may be the most potent species since it causes DNA breaks and somatic recombination, but not apoptosis. Upon further failure of apoptosis and senescence/DNA-repair, damaged cells may become immortal with loss-of-heterozygosity and genetic plasticity.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 188-230 |
| Number of pages | 43 |
| Journal | Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A |
| Volume | 28 |
| Issue number | 3 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 31 Aug 2010 |
| Externally published | Yes |
Keywords
- chloride intracellular channel carrier
- tetravalent chromium
- pentavalent chromium
- apoptosis
- senescence
- somatic recombination
- genomic plasticity
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