Searching for the causes of anomalous Advanced LIGO noise

B. K. Berger; J. S. Areeda; J. D. Barker; A. Effler; E. Goetz; A. F. Helmling-Cornell; B. Lantz; A. P. Lundgren; D. M. Macleod; J. McIver; R. Mittleman; P. Nguyen; A. Pele; H. Pham; P. Rangnekar; K. Rink; R. M.S. Schofield; J. R. Smith; S. Soni; J. Warner; R. Abbott; R. X. Adhikari; A. Ananyeva; S. Appert; K. Arai; Y. Asali; S. M. Aston; A. M. Baer; M. Ball; S. W. Ballmer; S. Banagiri; D. Barker; L. Barsotti; J. Betzwieser; D. Bhattacharjee; G. Billingsley; S. Biscans; C. D. Blair; R. M. Blair; N. Bode; P. Booker; R. Bork; A. F. Brooks; D. D. Brown; C. Cahillane; X. Chen; A. A. Ciobanu; F. Clara; C. M. Compton; S. J. Cooper; K. R. Corley; S. T. Countryman; P. B. Covas; D. C. Coyne; L. E.H. Datrier; D. Davis; C. Di Fronzo; K. L. Dooley; J. C. Driggers; S. E. Dwyer; T. Etzel; M. Evans; T. M. Evans; J. Feicht; A. Fernandez-Galiana; P. Fritschel; V. V. Frolov; P. Fulda; M. Fyffe; J. A. Giaime; K. D. Giardina; P. Godwin; S. Gras; C. Gray; R. Gray; A. C. Green; A. Gupta; E. K. Gustafson; R. Gustafson; J. Hanks; J. Hanson; R. K. Hasskew; M. C. Heintze; N. A. Holland; S. Kandhasamy; S. Karki; M. Kasprzack; K. Kawabe; N. Kijbunchoo; P. J. King; J. S. Kissel; Rahul Kumar; M. Landry; B. B. Lane; M. Laxen; Y. K. Lecoeuche; J. Leviton; J. Liu; M. Lormand; R. Macas; M. MacInnis; G. L. Mansell; S. Márka; Z. Márka; D. V. Martynov; K. Mason; F. Matichard; N. Mavalvala; R. McCarthy; D. E. McClelland; S. McCormick; L. McCuller; T. McRae; G. Mendell; K. Merfeld; E. L. Merilh; F. Meylahn; T. Mistry; G. Moreno; C. M. Mow-Lowry; S. Mozzon; A. Mullavey; T. J. N. Nelson; L. K. Nuttall; J. Oberling; Richard J. Oram; C. Osthelder; D. J. Ottaway; H. Overmier; W. Parker; E. Payne; R. Penhorwood; C. J. Perez; M. Pirello; K. E. Ramirez; J. W. Richardson; K. Riles; N. A. Robertson; J. G. Rollins; C. L. Romel; J. H. Romie; M. P. Ross; K. Ryan; T. Sadecki; E. J. Sanchez; L. E. Sanchez; T. R. Saravanan; R. L. Savage; D. Schaetzl; R. Schnabel; E. Schwartz; D. Sellers; T. Shaffer; D. Sigg; B. J.J. Slagmolen; B. Sorazu; A. P. Spencer; L. Sun; M. J. Szczepańczyk; M. Thomas; P. Thomas; K. A. Thorne; K. Toland; C. I. Torrie; G. Traylor; M. Tse; G. Vajente; G. Valdes; D. C. Vander-Hyde; P. J. Veitch; G. Venugopalan; A. D. Viets; C. Vorvick; M. Wade; R. L. Ward; B. Weaver; R. Weiss; C. Whittle; B. Willke; C. C. Wipf; L. Xiao; H. Yamamoto; Hang Yu; Haocun Yu; L. Zhang; M. E. Zucker; J. Zweizig

doi:10.1063/5.0140766

Searching for the causes of anomalous Advanced LIGO noise

B. K. Berger^*, J. S. Areeda, J. D. Barker, A. Effler, E. Goetz, A. F. Helmling-Cornell, B. Lantz, A. P. Lundgren, D. M. Macleod, J. McIver, R. Mittleman, P. Nguyen, A. Pele, H. Pham, P. Rangnekar, K. Rink, R. M.S. Schofield, J. R. Smith, S. Soni, J. WarnerR. Abbott, R. X. Adhikari, A. Ananyeva, S. Appert, K. Arai, Y. Asali, S. M. Aston, A. M. Baer, M. Ball, S. W. Ballmer, S. Banagiri, D. Barker, L. Barsotti, J. Betzwieser, D. Bhattacharjee, G. Billingsley, S. Biscans, C. D. Blair, R. M. Blair, N. Bode, P. Booker, R. Bork, A. F. Brooks, D. D. Brown, C. Cahillane, X. Chen, A. A. Ciobanu, F. Clara, C. M. Compton, S. J. Cooper, K. R. Corley, S. T. Countryman, P. B. Covas, D. C. Coyne, L. E.H. Datrier, D. Davis, C. Di Fronzo, K. L. Dooley, J. C. Driggers, S. E. Dwyer, T. Etzel, M. Evans, T. M. Evans, J. Feicht, A. Fernandez-Galiana, P. Fritschel, V. V. Frolov, P. Fulda, M. Fyffe, J. A. Giaime, K. D. Giardina, P. Godwin, S. Gras, C. Gray, R. Gray, A. C. Green, A. Gupta, E. K. Gustafson, R. Gustafson, J. Hanks, J. Hanson, R. K. Hasskew, M. C. Heintze, N. A. Holland, S. Kandhasamy, S. Karki, M. Kasprzack, K. Kawabe, N. Kijbunchoo, P. J. King, J. S. Kissel, Rahul Kumar, M. Landry, B. B. Lane, M. Laxen, Y. K. Lecoeuche, J. Leviton, J. Liu, M. Lormand, R. Macas, M. MacInnis, G. L. Mansell, S. Márka, Z. Márka, D. V. Martynov, K. Mason, F. Matichard, N. Mavalvala, R. McCarthy, D. E. McClelland, S. McCormick, L. McCuller, T. McRae, G. Mendell, K. Merfeld, E. L. Merilh, F. Meylahn, T. Mistry, G. Moreno, C. M. Mow-Lowry, S. Mozzon, A. Mullavey, T. J. N. Nelson, L. K. Nuttall, J. Oberling, Richard J. Oram, C. Osthelder, D. J. Ottaway, H. Overmier, W. Parker, E. Payne, R. Penhorwood, C. J. Perez, M. Pirello, K. E. Ramirez, J. W. Richardson, K. Riles, N. A. Robertson, J. G. Rollins, C. L. Romel, J. H. Romie, M. P. Ross, K. Ryan, T. Sadecki, E. J. Sanchez, L. E. Sanchez, T. R. Saravanan, R. L. Savage, D. Schaetzl, R. Schnabel, E. Schwartz, D. Sellers, T. Shaffer, D. Sigg, B. J.J. Slagmolen, B. Sorazu, A. P. Spencer, L. Sun, M. J. Szczepańczyk, M. Thomas, P. Thomas, K. A. Thorne, K. Toland, C. I. Torrie, G. Traylor, M. Tse, G. Vajente, G. Valdes, D. C. Vander-Hyde, P. J. Veitch, G. Venugopalan, A. D. Viets, C. Vorvick, M. Wade, R. L. Ward, B. Weaver, R. Weiss, C. Whittle, B. Willke, C. C. Wipf, L. Xiao, H. Yamamoto, Hang Yu, Haocun Yu, L. Zhang, M. E. Zucker, J. Zweizig

^*Corresponding author for this work

Institute of Cosmology & Gravitation

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Abstract

Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo have detected gravitational waves from astronomical sources to open a new window on the Universe. To explore this new realm requires an exquisite level of detector sensitivity, meaning that the much stronger signal from instrumental and environmental noise must be rejected. Selected examples of unwanted noise in Advanced LIGO are presented. The initial focus is on how the existence of this noise (characterized by particular frequencies or time intervals) was discovered. Then, a variety of methods are used to track down the source of the noise, e.g., a fault within the instruments or coupling from an external source. The ultimate goal of this effort is to mitigate the noise by either fixing equipment or by augmenting methods to suppress the coupling to the environment.

Original language	English
Article number	184101
Journal	Applied Physics Letters
Volume	122
Issue number	18
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0140766
Publication status	Published - 1 May 2023

Keywords

UKRI
STFC

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10.1063/5.0140766

Searching_for_the_causes_of_anomalous_Advanced_LIGO_noiseAccepted author manuscript (Post-print), 3.28 MB

https://pubs.aip.org/aip/apl/article-abstract/122/18/184101/2887640/Searching-for-the-causes-of-anomalous-Advanced

Cite this

Berger, B. K., Areeda, J. S., Barker, J. D., Effler, A., Goetz, E., Helmling-Cornell, A. F., Lantz, B., Lundgren, A. P., Macleod, D. M., McIver, J., Mittleman, R., Nguyen, P., Pele, A., Pham, H., Rangnekar, P., Rink, K., Schofield, R. M. S., Smith, J. R., Soni, S., ... Zweizig, J. (2023). Searching for the causes of anomalous Advanced LIGO noise. Applied Physics Letters, 122(18), [184101]. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0140766

@article{a0fb2e5734aa4997bfd53ef995367f14,

title = "Searching for the causes of anomalous Advanced LIGO noise",

abstract = "Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo have detected gravitational waves from astronomical sources to open a new window on the Universe. To explore this new realm requires an exquisite level of detector sensitivity, meaning that the much stronger signal from instrumental and environmental noise must be rejected. Selected examples of unwanted noise in Advanced LIGO are presented. The initial focus is on how the existence of this noise (characterized by particular frequencies or time intervals) was discovered. Then, a variety of methods are used to track down the source of the noise, e.g., a fault within the instruments or coupling from an external source. The ultimate goal of this effort is to mitigate the noise by either fixing equipment or by augmenting methods to suppress the coupling to the environment.",

keywords = "UKRI, STFC",

author = "Berger, {B. K.} and Areeda, {J. S.} and Barker, {J. D.} and A. Effler and E. Goetz and Helmling-Cornell, {A. F.} and B. Lantz and Lundgren, {A. P.} and Macleod, {D. M.} and J. McIver and R. Mittleman and P. Nguyen and A. Pele and H. Pham and P. Rangnekar and K. Rink and Schofield, {R. M.S.} and Smith, {J. R.} and S. Soni and J. Warner and R. Abbott and Adhikari, {R. X.} and A. Ananyeva and S. Appert and K. Arai and Y. Asali and Aston, {S. M.} and Baer, {A. M.} and M. Ball and Ballmer, {S. W.} and S. Banagiri and D. Barker and L. Barsotti and J. Betzwieser and D. Bhattacharjee and G. Billingsley and S. Biscans and Blair, {C. D.} and Blair, {R. M.} and N. Bode and P. Booker and R. Bork and Brooks, {A. F.} and Brown, {D. D.} and C. Cahillane and X. Chen and Ciobanu, {A. A.} and F. Clara and Compton, {C. M.} and Cooper, {S. J.} and Corley, {K. R.} and Countryman, {S. T.} and Covas, {P. B.} and Coyne, {D. C.} and Datrier, {L. E.H.} and D. Davis and {Di Fronzo}, C. and Dooley, {K. L.} and Driggers, {J. C.} and Dwyer, {S. E.} and T. Etzel and M. Evans and Evans, {T. M.} and J. Feicht and A. Fernandez-Galiana and P. Fritschel and Frolov, {V. V.} and P. Fulda and M. Fyffe and Giaime, {J. A.} and Giardina, {K. D.} and P. Godwin and S. Gras and C. Gray and R. Gray and Green, {A. C.} and A. Gupta and Gustafson, {E. K.} and R. Gustafson and J. Hanks and J. Hanson and Hasskew, {R. K.} and Heintze, {M. C.} and Holland, {N. A.} and S. Kandhasamy and S. Karki and M. Kasprzack and K. Kawabe and N. Kijbunchoo and King, {P. J.} and Kissel, {J. S.} and Rahul Kumar and M. Landry and Lane, {B. B.} and M. Laxen and Lecoeuche, {Y. K.} and J. Leviton and J. Liu and M. Lormand and R. Macas and M. MacInnis and Mansell, {G. L.} and S. M{\'a}rka and Z. M{\'a}rka and Martynov, {D. V.} and K. Mason and F. Matichard and N. Mavalvala and R. McCarthy and McClelland, {D. E.} and S. McCormick and L. McCuller and T. McRae and G. Mendell and K. Merfeld and Merilh, {E. L.} and F. Meylahn and T. Mistry and G. Moreno and Mow-Lowry, {C. M.} and S. Mozzon and A. Mullavey and Nelson, {T. J. N.} and Nuttall, {L. K.} and J. Oberling and Oram, {Richard J.} and C. Osthelder and Ottaway, {D. J.} and H. Overmier and W. Parker and E. Payne and R. Penhorwood and Perez, {C. J.} and M. Pirello and Ramirez, {K. E.} and Richardson, {J. W.} and K. Riles and Robertson, {N. A.} and Rollins, {J. G.} and Romel, {C. L.} and Romie, {J. H.} and Ross, {M. P.} and K. Ryan and T. Sadecki and Sanchez, {E. J.} and Sanchez, {L. E.} and Saravanan, {T. R.} and Savage, {R. L.} and D. Schaetzl and R. Schnabel and E. Schwartz and D. Sellers and T. Shaffer and D. Sigg and Slagmolen, {B. J.J.} and B. Sorazu and Spencer, {A. P.} and L. Sun and Szczepa{\'n}czyk, {M. J.} and M. Thomas and P. Thomas and Thorne, {K. A.} and K. Toland and Torrie, {C. I.} and G. Traylor and M. Tse and G. Vajente and G. Valdes and Vander-Hyde, {D. C.} and Veitch, {P. J.} and G. Venugopalan and Viets, {A. D.} and C. Vorvick and M. Wade and Ward, {R. L.} and B. Weaver and R. Weiss and C. Whittle and B. Willke and Wipf, {C. C.} and L. Xiao and H. Yamamoto and Hang Yu and Haocun Yu and L. Zhang and Zucker, {M. E.} and J. Zweizig",

year = "2023",

month = may,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1063/5.0140766",

language = "English",

volume = "122",

journal = "Applied Physics Letters",

issn = "0003-6951",

publisher = "American Institute of Physics Publising LLC",

number = "18",

}

Berger, BK, Areeda, JS, Barker, JD, Effler, A, Goetz, E, Helmling-Cornell, AF, Lantz, B, Lundgren, AP, Macleod, DM, McIver, J, Mittleman, R, Nguyen, P, Pele, A, Pham, H, Rangnekar, P, Rink, K, Schofield, RMS, Smith, JR, Soni, S, Warner, J, Abbott, R, Adhikari, RX, Ananyeva, A, Appert, S, Arai, K, Asali, Y, Aston, SM, Baer, AM, Ball, M, Ballmer, SW, Banagiri, S, Barker, D, Barsotti, L, Betzwieser, J, Bhattacharjee, D, Billingsley, G, Biscans, S, Blair, CD, Blair, RM, Bode, N, Booker, P, Bork, R, Brooks, AF, Brown, DD, Cahillane, C, Chen, X, Ciobanu, AA, Clara, F, Compton, CM, Cooper, SJ, Corley, KR, Countryman, ST, Covas, PB, Coyne, DC, Datrier, LEH, Davis, D, Di Fronzo, C, Dooley, KL, Driggers, JC, Dwyer, SE, Etzel, T, Evans, M, Evans, TM, Feicht, J, Fernandez-Galiana, A, Fritschel, P, Frolov, VV, Fulda, P, Fyffe, M, Giaime, JA, Giardina, KD, Godwin, P, Gras, S, Gray, C, Gray, R, Green, AC, Gupta, A, Gustafson, EK, Gustafson, R, Hanks, J, Hanson, J, Hasskew, RK, Heintze, MC, Holland, NA, Kandhasamy, S, Karki, S, Kasprzack, M, Kawabe, K, Kijbunchoo, N, King, PJ, Kissel, JS, Kumar, R, Landry, M, Lane, BB, Laxen, M, Lecoeuche, YK, Leviton, J, Liu, J, Lormand, M, Macas, R, MacInnis, M, Mansell, GL, Márka, S, Márka, Z, Martynov, DV, Mason, K, Matichard, F, Mavalvala, N, McCarthy, R, McClelland, DE, McCormick, S, McCuller, L, McRae, T, Mendell, G, Merfeld, K, Merilh, EL, Meylahn, F, Mistry, T, Moreno, G, Mow-Lowry, CM, Mozzon, S, Mullavey, A, Nelson, TJN, Nuttall, LK, Oberling, J, Oram, RJ, Osthelder, C, Ottaway, DJ, Overmier, H, Parker, W, Payne, E, Penhorwood, R, Perez, CJ, Pirello, M, Ramirez, KE, Richardson, JW, Riles, K, Robertson, NA, Rollins, JG, Romel, CL, Romie, JH, Ross, MP, Ryan, K, Sadecki, T, Sanchez, EJ, Sanchez, LE, Saravanan, TR, Savage, RL, Schaetzl, D, Schnabel, R, Schwartz, E, Sellers, D, Shaffer, T, Sigg, D, Slagmolen, BJJ, Sorazu, B, Spencer, AP, Sun, L, Szczepańczyk, MJ, Thomas, M, Thomas, P, Thorne, KA, Toland, K, Torrie, CI, Traylor, G, Tse, M, Vajente, G, Valdes, G, Vander-Hyde, DC, Veitch, PJ, Venugopalan, G, Viets, AD, Vorvick, C, Wade, M, Ward, RL, Weaver, B, Weiss, R, Whittle, C, Willke, B, Wipf, CC, Xiao, L, Yamamoto, H, Yu, H, Yu, H, Zhang, L, Zucker, ME & Zweizig, J 2023, 'Searching for the causes of anomalous Advanced LIGO noise', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 122, no. 18, 184101. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0140766

TY - JOUR

T1 - Searching for the causes of anomalous Advanced LIGO noise

AU - Berger, B. K.

AU - Areeda, J. S.

AU - Barker, J. D.

AU - Effler, A.

AU - Goetz, E.

AU - Helmling-Cornell, A. F.

AU - Lantz, B.

AU - Lundgren, A. P.

AU - Macleod, D. M.

AU - McIver, J.

AU - Mittleman, R.

AU - Nguyen, P.

AU - Pele, A.

AU - Pham, H.

AU - Rangnekar, P.

AU - Rink, K.

AU - Schofield, R. M.S.

AU - Smith, J. R.

AU - Soni, S.

AU - Warner, J.

AU - Abbott, R.

AU - Adhikari, R. X.

AU - Ananyeva, A.

AU - Appert, S.

AU - Arai, K.

AU - Asali, Y.

AU - Aston, S. M.

AU - Baer, A. M.

AU - Ball, M.

AU - Ballmer, S. W.

AU - Banagiri, S.

AU - Barker, D.

AU - Barsotti, L.

AU - Betzwieser, J.

AU - Bhattacharjee, D.

AU - Billingsley, G.

AU - Biscans, S.

AU - Blair, C. D.

AU - Blair, R. M.

AU - Bode, N.

AU - Booker, P.

AU - Bork, R.

AU - Brooks, A. F.

AU - Brown, D. D.

AU - Cahillane, C.

AU - Chen, X.

AU - Ciobanu, A. A.

AU - Clara, F.

AU - Compton, C. M.

AU - Cooper, S. J.

AU - Corley, K. R.

AU - Countryman, S. T.

AU - Covas, P. B.

AU - Coyne, D. C.

AU - Datrier, L. E.H.

AU - Davis, D.

AU - Di Fronzo, C.

AU - Dooley, K. L.

AU - Driggers, J. C.

AU - Dwyer, S. E.

AU - Etzel, T.

AU - Evans, M.

AU - Evans, T. M.

AU - Feicht, J.

AU - Fernandez-Galiana, A.

AU - Fritschel, P.

AU - Frolov, V. V.

AU - Fulda, P.

AU - Fyffe, M.

AU - Giaime, J. A.

AU - Giardina, K. D.

AU - Godwin, P.

AU - Gras, S.

AU - Gray, C.

AU - Gray, R.

AU - Green, A. C.

AU - Gupta, A.

AU - Gustafson, E. K.

AU - Gustafson, R.

AU - Hanks, J.

AU - Hanson, J.

AU - Hasskew, R. K.

AU - Heintze, M. C.

AU - Holland, N. A.

AU - Kandhasamy, S.

AU - Karki, S.

AU - Kasprzack, M.

AU - Kawabe, K.

AU - Kijbunchoo, N.

AU - King, P. J.

AU - Kissel, J. S.

AU - Kumar, Rahul

AU - Landry, M.

AU - Lane, B. B.

AU - Laxen, M.

AU - Lecoeuche, Y. K.

AU - Leviton, J.

AU - Liu, J.

AU - Lormand, M.

AU - Macas, R.

AU - MacInnis, M.

AU - Mansell, G. L.

AU - Márka, S.

AU - Márka, Z.

AU - Martynov, D. V.

AU - Mason, K.

AU - Matichard, F.

AU - Mavalvala, N.

AU - McCarthy, R.

AU - McClelland, D. E.

AU - McCormick, S.

AU - McCuller, L.

AU - McRae, T.

AU - Mendell, G.

AU - Merfeld, K.

AU - Merilh, E. L.

AU - Meylahn, F.

AU - Mistry, T.

AU - Moreno, G.

AU - Mow-Lowry, C. M.

AU - Mozzon, S.

AU - Mullavey, A.

AU - Nelson, T. J. N.

AU - Nuttall, L. K.

AU - Oberling, J.

AU - Oram, Richard J.

AU - Osthelder, C.

AU - Ottaway, D. J.

AU - Overmier, H.

AU - Parker, W.

AU - Payne, E.

AU - Penhorwood, R.

AU - Perez, C. J.

AU - Pirello, M.

AU - Ramirez, K. E.

AU - Richardson, J. W.

AU - Riles, K.

AU - Robertson, N. A.

AU - Rollins, J. G.

AU - Romel, C. L.

AU - Romie, J. H.

AU - Ross, M. P.

AU - Ryan, K.

AU - Sadecki, T.

AU - Sanchez, E. J.

AU - Sanchez, L. E.

AU - Saravanan, T. R.

AU - Savage, R. L.

AU - Schaetzl, D.

AU - Schnabel, R.

AU - Schwartz, E.

AU - Sellers, D.

AU - Shaffer, T.

AU - Sigg, D.

AU - Slagmolen, B. J.J.

AU - Sorazu, B.

AU - Spencer, A. P.

AU - Sun, L.

AU - Szczepańczyk, M. J.

AU - Thomas, M.

AU - Thomas, P.

AU - Thorne, K. A.

AU - Toland, K.

AU - Torrie, C. I.

AU - Traylor, G.

AU - Tse, M.

AU - Vajente, G.

AU - Valdes, G.

AU - Vander-Hyde, D. C.

AU - Veitch, P. J.

AU - Venugopalan, G.

AU - Viets, A. D.

AU - Vorvick, C.

AU - Wade, M.

AU - Ward, R. L.

AU - Weaver, B.

AU - Weiss, R.

AU - Whittle, C.

AU - Willke, B.

AU - Wipf, C. C.

AU - Xiao, L.

AU - Yamamoto, H.

AU - Yu, Hang

AU - Yu, Haocun

AU - Zhang, L.

AU - Zucker, M. E.

AU - Zweizig, J.

PY - 2023/5/1

Y1 - 2023/5/1

N2 - Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo have detected gravitational waves from astronomical sources to open a new window on the Universe. To explore this new realm requires an exquisite level of detector sensitivity, meaning that the much stronger signal from instrumental and environmental noise must be rejected. Selected examples of unwanted noise in Advanced LIGO are presented. The initial focus is on how the existence of this noise (characterized by particular frequencies or time intervals) was discovered. Then, a variety of methods are used to track down the source of the noise, e.g., a fault within the instruments or coupling from an external source. The ultimate goal of this effort is to mitigate the noise by either fixing equipment or by augmenting methods to suppress the coupling to the environment.

AB - Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo have detected gravitational waves from astronomical sources to open a new window on the Universe. To explore this new realm requires an exquisite level of detector sensitivity, meaning that the much stronger signal from instrumental and environmental noise must be rejected. Selected examples of unwanted noise in Advanced LIGO are presented. The initial focus is on how the existence of this noise (characterized by particular frequencies or time intervals) was discovered. Then, a variety of methods are used to track down the source of the noise, e.g., a fault within the instruments or coupling from an external source. The ultimate goal of this effort is to mitigate the noise by either fixing equipment or by augmenting methods to suppress the coupling to the environment.

KW - UKRI

KW - STFC

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85157959323&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1063/5.0140766

DO - 10.1063/5.0140766

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85157959323

SN - 0003-6951

VL - 122

JO - Applied Physics Letters

JF - Applied Physics Letters

IS - 18

M1 - 184101

ER -