The burden and risk factors of NCDs in Zimbabwe: evidence from the Zimbabwe population based HIV impact assessment 2020 survey

Background: The burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) has emerged as a critical public health challenge in Zimbabwe, exacerbated by a complex interplay of socioeconomic factors, demographic shifts, and urbanization. This study leverages data from the Zimbabwe Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment (ZIMPHIA) 2020 survey to provide further insights and understanding of the prevalence and risk factors associated with NCDs in the country.

Methods: Utilizing a two-stage, stratified cluster sample design, we analyzed data from 19,535 participants. We conducted univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to evaluate the relationship between self-reported NCDs and demographic factors, including age, gender, urban versus rural residency, HIV status, and socioeconomic status.

Results: Findings revealed that approximately 14.3% of the population reported being diagnosed with at least one NCD, with hypertension and diabetes presenting prevalences of 10.8% and 2.2%, respectively. Age was a significant predictor of NCD burden, and we also noted disparities, particularly among women and individuals in higher wealth quintiles.

Conclusion: Approximately one in seven Zimbabwean adults had been diagnosed with at least one non-communicable disease before 2020, with hypertension and diabetes the most common conditions. Older age increases NCD risk, and women and people in higher wealth quintiles carry a higher burden. These patterns suggest the need to keep prioritizing NCD prevention, screening, and management.