The fully non-linear post-Friedmann frame-dragging vector potential: magnitude and time evolution from N-body simulations

Newtonian simulations are routinely used to examine the matter dynamics on non-linear scales. However, even on these scales, Newtonian gravity is not a complete description of gravitational effects. A post-Friedmann approach shows that the leading-order correction to Newtonian theory is a vector potential in the metric. This vector potential can be calculated from N-body simulations, requiring amethod for extracting the velocity field. Here, we present the full details of our calculation of the post-Friedmann vector potential, using the Delaunay Tessellation Field Estimator code. We include a detailed examination of the robustness of our numerical result, including the effects of box size and mass resolution on the extracted fields. We present the power spectrum of the vector potential and find that the power spectrum of the vector potential is ~10⁵ times smaller than the power spectrum of the fully non-linear scalar gravitational potential at redshift zero. Comparing our numerical results to perturbative estimates, we find that the fully non-linear result can be more than an order of magnitude larger than the perturbative estimate on small scales.We extend the analysis of the vector potential to multiple redshifts, showing that this ratio persists over a range of scales and redshifts.We also comment on the implications of our results for the validity and interpretation of Newtonian simulations.