The Parkinson's disease drug entacapone disrupts gut microbiome homoeostasis via iron sequestration

Many human-targeted drugs alter the gut microbiome, leading to implications for host health. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects are not well known. Here we combined quantitative microbiome profiling, long-read metagenomics, stable isotope probing and single-cell chemical imaging to investigate the impact of two widely prescribed drugs on the gut microbiome. Physiologically relevant concentrations of entacapone, a treatment for Parkinson's disease, or loxapine succinate, used to treat schizophrenia, were incubated ex vivo with human faecal samples. Both drugs significantly impact microbial activity, more so than microbial abundance. Mechanistically, entacapone can complex and deplete available iron resulting in gut microbiome composition and function changes. Microbial growth can be rescued by replenishing levels of microbiota-accessible iron. Further, entacapone-induced iron starvation selected for iron-scavenging gut microbiome members encoding antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes. These findings reveal the impact of two under-investigated drugs on whole microbiomes and identify metal sequestration as a mechanism of drug-induced microbiome disturbance.