Type Ia supernova rate measurements to redshift 2.5 from CANDELS: searching for prompt explosions in the early Universe

Steven A. Rodney; Adam G. Riess; Louis-Gregory Strolger; Tomas Dahlen; Or Graur; Stefano Casertano; Mark E. Dickinson; Henry C. Ferguson; Peter Garnavich; Brian Hayden; Saurabh W. Jha; David O. Jones; Robert P. Kirshner; Anton M. Koekemoer; Curtis McCully; Bahram Mobasher; Brandon Patel; Benjamin J. Weiner; S. Bradley Cenko; Kelsey I. Clubb; Michael Cooper; Alexei V. Filippenko; Teddy F. Frederiksen; Jens Hjorth; Bruno Leibundgut; Thomas Matheson; Hooshang Nayyeri; Kyle Penner; Jonathan Trump; Jeffrey M. Silverman; U Vivian; K. Azalee Bostroem; Peter Challis; Abhijith Rajan; Schuyler Wolff; S. M. Faber; Norman A. Grogin; Dale Kocevski

doi:10.1088/0004-6256/148/1/13

Type Ia supernova rate measurements to redshift 2.5 from CANDELS: searching for prompt explosions in the early Universe

Steven A. Rodney, Adam G. Riess, Louis-Gregory Strolger, Tomas Dahlen, Or Graur, Stefano Casertano, Mark E. Dickinson, Henry C. Ferguson, Peter Garnavich, Brian Hayden, Saurabh W. Jha, David O. Jones, Robert P. Kirshner, Anton M. Koekemoer, Curtis McCully, Bahram Mobasher, Brandon Patel, Benjamin J. Weiner, S. Bradley Cenko, Kelsey I. ClubbMichael Cooper, Alexei V. Filippenko, Teddy F. Frederiksen, Jens Hjorth, Bruno Leibundgut, Thomas Matheson, Hooshang Nayyeri, Kyle Penner, Jonathan Trump, Jeffrey M. Silverman, U Vivian, K. Azalee Bostroem, Peter Challis, Abhijith Rajan, Schuyler Wolff, S. M. Faber, Norman A. Grogin, Dale Kocevski

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Abstract

The Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey (CANDELS) was a multi-cycle treasury program on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) that surveyed a total area of ~0.25 deg² with ~900 HST orbits spread across five fields over three years. Within these survey images we discovered 65 supernovae (SNe) of all types, out to z ~ 2.5. We classify ~24 of these as Type Ia SNe (SNe Ia) based on host galaxy redshifts and SN photometry (supplemented by grism spectroscopy of six SNe). Here we present a measurement of the volumetric SN Ia rate as a function of redshift, reaching for the first time beyond z = 2 and putting new constraints on SN Ia progenitor models. Our highest redshift bin includes detections of SNe that exploded when the universe was only ~3 Gyr old and near the peak of the cosmic star formation history. This gives the CANDELS high redshift sample unique leverage for evaluating the fraction of SNe Ia that explode promptly after formation (<500 Myr). Combining the CANDELS rates with all available SN Ia rate measurements in the literature we find that this prompt SN Ia fraction is ƒ_P = 0.53 ±0.09 stat0.10 ±0.10 sys0.26, consistent with a delay time distribution that follows a simple t ^–1 power law for all times t > 40 Myr. However, mild tension is apparent between ground-based low-z surveys and space-based high-z surveys. In both CANDELS and the sister HST program CLASH (Cluster Lensing And Supernova Survey with Hubble), we find a low rate of SNe Ia at z > 1. This could be a hint that prompt progenitors are in fact relatively rare, accounting for only 20% of all SN Ia explosions—though further analysis and larger samples will be needed to examine that suggestion.

Original language	English
Article number	13
Number of pages	28
Journal	The Astronomical Journal
Volume	148
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/148/1/13
Publication status	Published - 4 Jun 2014
Externally published	Yes

Keywords

astro-ph.CO
infrared: general
supernovae: general
surveys

Access to Document

10.1088/0004-6256/148/1/13

1401.7978v2
This Accepted Manuscript is available for reuse under a CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 licence after the 12 month embargo period provided that all the terms of the licence are adhered to.
Accepted author manuscript (Post-print), 7.15 MBLicence: CC BY-NC-ND

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Rodney, S. A., Riess, A. G., Strolger, L.-G., Dahlen, T., Graur, O., Casertano, S., Dickinson, M. E., Ferguson, H. C., Garnavich, P., Hayden, B., Jha, S. W., Jones, D. O., Kirshner, R. P., Koekemoer, A. M., McCully, C., Mobasher, B., Patel, B., Weiner, B. J., Cenko, S. B., ... Kocevski, D. (2014). Type Ia supernova rate measurements to redshift 2.5 from CANDELS: searching for prompt explosions in the early Universe. The Astronomical Journal, 148(1), Article 13. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/148/1/13

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title = "Type Ia supernova rate measurements to redshift 2.5 from CANDELS: searching for prompt explosions in the early Universe",

abstract = "The Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey (CANDELS) was a multi-cycle treasury program on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) that surveyed a total area of ~0.25 deg2 with ~900 HST orbits spread across five fields over three years. Within these survey images we discovered 65 supernovae (SNe) of all types, out to z ~ 2.5. We classify ~24 of these as Type Ia SNe (SNe Ia) based on host galaxy redshifts and SN photometry (supplemented by grism spectroscopy of six SNe). Here we present a measurement of the volumetric SN Ia rate as a function of redshift, reaching for the first time beyond z = 2 and putting new constraints on SN Ia progenitor models. Our highest redshift bin includes detections of SNe that exploded when the universe was only ~3 Gyr old and near the peak of the cosmic star formation history. This gives the CANDELS high redshift sample unique leverage for evaluating the fraction of SNe Ia that explode promptly after formation (<500 Myr). Combining the CANDELS rates with all available SN Ia rate measurements in the literature we find that this prompt SN Ia fraction is ƒP = 0.53 ±0.09 stat0.10 ±0.10 sys0.26, consistent with a delay time distribution that follows a simple t –1 power law for all times t > 40 Myr. However, mild tension is apparent between ground-based low-z surveys and space-based high-z surveys. In both CANDELS and the sister HST program CLASH (Cluster Lensing And Supernova Survey with Hubble), we find a low rate of SNe Ia at z > 1. This could be a hint that prompt progenitors are in fact relatively rare, accounting for only 20% of all SN Ia explosions—though further analysis and larger samples will be needed to examine that suggestion.",

keywords = "astro-ph.CO, infrared: general, supernovae: general, surveys",

author = "Rodney, {Steven A.} and Riess, {Adam G.} and Louis-Gregory Strolger and Tomas Dahlen and Or Graur and Stefano Casertano and Dickinson, {Mark E.} and Ferguson, {Henry C.} and Peter Garnavich and Brian Hayden and Jha, {Saurabh W.} and Jones, {David O.} and Kirshner, {Robert P.} and Koekemoer, {Anton M.} and Curtis McCully and Bahram Mobasher and Brandon Patel and Weiner, {Benjamin J.} and Cenko, {S. Bradley} and Clubb, {Kelsey I.} and Michael Cooper and Filippenko, {Alexei V.} and Frederiksen, {Teddy F.} and Jens Hjorth and Bruno Leibundgut and Thomas Matheson and Hooshang Nayyeri and Kyle Penner and Jonathan Trump and Silverman, {Jeffrey M.} and U Vivian and Bostroem, {K. Azalee} and Peter Challis and Abhijith Rajan and Schuyler Wolff and Faber, {S. M.} and Grogin, {Norman A.} and Dale Kocevski",

note = "20 pages + 10-page appendix, 12 figures + 5 in appendix; Accepted to AJ ; latest version includes updates to discussion and figures, responding to referee and others",

year = "2014",

month = jun,

day = "4",

doi = "10.1088/0004-6256/148/1/13",

language = "English",

volume = "148",

journal = "The Astronomical Journal",

issn = "0004-6256",

publisher = "IOP Publishing",

number = "1",

}

Rodney, SA, Riess, AG, Strolger, L-G, Dahlen, T, Graur, O, Casertano, S, Dickinson, ME, Ferguson, HC, Garnavich, P, Hayden, B, Jha, SW, Jones, DO, Kirshner, RP, Koekemoer, AM, McCully, C, Mobasher, B, Patel, B, Weiner, BJ, Cenko, SB, Clubb, KI, Cooper, M, Filippenko, AV, Frederiksen, TF, Hjorth, J, Leibundgut, B, Matheson, T, Nayyeri, H, Penner, K, Trump, J, Silverman, JM, Vivian, U, Bostroem, KA, Challis, P, Rajan, A, Wolff, S, Faber, SM, Grogin, NA & Kocevski, D 2014, 'Type Ia supernova rate measurements to redshift 2.5 from CANDELS: searching for prompt explosions in the early Universe', The Astronomical Journal, vol. 148, no. 1, 13. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/148/1/13

TY - JOUR

T1 - Type Ia supernova rate measurements to redshift 2.5 from CANDELS

T2 - searching for prompt explosions in the early Universe

AU - Rodney, Steven A.

AU - Riess, Adam G.

AU - Strolger, Louis-Gregory

AU - Dahlen, Tomas

AU - Graur, Or

AU - Casertano, Stefano

AU - Dickinson, Mark E.

AU - Ferguson, Henry C.

AU - Garnavich, Peter

AU - Hayden, Brian

AU - Jha, Saurabh W.

AU - Jones, David O.

AU - Kirshner, Robert P.

AU - Koekemoer, Anton M.

AU - McCully, Curtis

AU - Mobasher, Bahram

AU - Patel, Brandon

AU - Weiner, Benjamin J.

AU - Cenko, S. Bradley

AU - Clubb, Kelsey I.

AU - Cooper, Michael

AU - Filippenko, Alexei V.

AU - Frederiksen, Teddy F.

AU - Hjorth, Jens

AU - Leibundgut, Bruno

AU - Matheson, Thomas

AU - Nayyeri, Hooshang

AU - Penner, Kyle

AU - Trump, Jonathan

AU - Silverman, Jeffrey M.

AU - Vivian, U

AU - Bostroem, K. Azalee

AU - Challis, Peter

AU - Rajan, Abhijith

AU - Wolff, Schuyler

AU - Faber, S. M.

AU - Grogin, Norman A.

AU - Kocevski, Dale

N1 - 20 pages + 10-page appendix, 12 figures + 5 in appendix; Accepted to AJ ; latest version includes updates to discussion and figures, responding to referee and others

PY - 2014/6/4

Y1 - 2014/6/4

N2 - The Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey (CANDELS) was a multi-cycle treasury program on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) that surveyed a total area of ~0.25 deg2 with ~900 HST orbits spread across five fields over three years. Within these survey images we discovered 65 supernovae (SNe) of all types, out to z ~ 2.5. We classify ~24 of these as Type Ia SNe (SNe Ia) based on host galaxy redshifts and SN photometry (supplemented by grism spectroscopy of six SNe). Here we present a measurement of the volumetric SN Ia rate as a function of redshift, reaching for the first time beyond z = 2 and putting new constraints on SN Ia progenitor models. Our highest redshift bin includes detections of SNe that exploded when the universe was only ~3 Gyr old and near the peak of the cosmic star formation history. This gives the CANDELS high redshift sample unique leverage for evaluating the fraction of SNe Ia that explode promptly after formation (<500 Myr). Combining the CANDELS rates with all available SN Ia rate measurements in the literature we find that this prompt SN Ia fraction is ƒP = 0.53 ±0.09 stat0.10 ±0.10 sys0.26, consistent with a delay time distribution that follows a simple t –1 power law for all times t > 40 Myr. However, mild tension is apparent between ground-based low-z surveys and space-based high-z surveys. In both CANDELS and the sister HST program CLASH (Cluster Lensing And Supernova Survey with Hubble), we find a low rate of SNe Ia at z > 1. This could be a hint that prompt progenitors are in fact relatively rare, accounting for only 20% of all SN Ia explosions—though further analysis and larger samples will be needed to examine that suggestion.

AB - The Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey (CANDELS) was a multi-cycle treasury program on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) that surveyed a total area of ~0.25 deg2 with ~900 HST orbits spread across five fields over three years. Within these survey images we discovered 65 supernovae (SNe) of all types, out to z ~ 2.5. We classify ~24 of these as Type Ia SNe (SNe Ia) based on host galaxy redshifts and SN photometry (supplemented by grism spectroscopy of six SNe). Here we present a measurement of the volumetric SN Ia rate as a function of redshift, reaching for the first time beyond z = 2 and putting new constraints on SN Ia progenitor models. Our highest redshift bin includes detections of SNe that exploded when the universe was only ~3 Gyr old and near the peak of the cosmic star formation history. This gives the CANDELS high redshift sample unique leverage for evaluating the fraction of SNe Ia that explode promptly after formation (<500 Myr). Combining the CANDELS rates with all available SN Ia rate measurements in the literature we find that this prompt SN Ia fraction is ƒP = 0.53 ±0.09 stat0.10 ±0.10 sys0.26, consistent with a delay time distribution that follows a simple t –1 power law for all times t > 40 Myr. However, mild tension is apparent between ground-based low-z surveys and space-based high-z surveys. In both CANDELS and the sister HST program CLASH (Cluster Lensing And Supernova Survey with Hubble), we find a low rate of SNe Ia at z > 1. This could be a hint that prompt progenitors are in fact relatively rare, accounting for only 20% of all SN Ia explosions—though further analysis and larger samples will be needed to examine that suggestion.

KW - astro-ph.CO

KW - infrared: general

KW - supernovae: general

KW - surveys

U2 - 10.1088/0004-6256/148/1/13

DO - 10.1088/0004-6256/148/1/13

M3 - Article

SN - 0004-6256

VL - 148

JO - The Astronomical Journal

JF - The Astronomical Journal

IS - 1

M1 - 13

ER -

Type Ia supernova rate measurements to redshift 2.5 from CANDELS: searching for prompt explosions in the early Universe

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Keywords

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